tl;dr: Switzerland treats fiber as a natural monopoly, mandating point-to-point architecture with four dedicated fiber strands per home and open Layer 1 access, allowing multiple ISPs to compete over shared physical infrastructure — enforced by regulators who fined Swisscom 18M francs in 2024 for trying to switch to a shared P2MP model. In contrast, the US allows territorial monopolies with shared connections and no meaningful competition, while Germany wastes resources on redundant parallel builds ("overbuild"). The lesson: infrastructure should be built once as a neutral asset, with competition happening at the service layer.